HealthInfo West Coast-Te Tai Poutini
Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining inside your womb (uterus) starts to grow in other parts of your body. These can include your ovaries, bowel or bladder, and the lining inside your tummy (abdomen). The lining tissue is called endometrium.
If the tissue grows on your ovaries, it can sometimes form ovarian cysts (fluid-filled sacs).
Endometriosis is very common and can happen at any age. It affects at least 1 in 10 women, usually in their reproductive years.
Endometriosis is not an infection, is not contagious and is not cancer.
We do not know the exact cause of endometriosis. But it is believed that it may be due to a combination of factors. Theories about what causes endometriosis include:
About a third of women with endometriosis have no symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they usually happen around the time you get your period. The most common symptom of endometriosis is pelvic pain. Other symptoms include:
Endometriosis can cause problems with getting pregnant. But this does not happen to everyone. It is important to remember that if you have endometriosis and do not want to get pregnant, you still need to use contraception.
Symptoms of endometriosis can have a big impact on your life. They can even lead to feelings of depression. See your general practice team if you have any concerns about your mood.
It can often be difficult to diagnose endometriosis. Other conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, adenomyosis and diverticulitis can cause similar symptoms.
Your doctor will ask you about your pelvic pain including the type, frequency, and how severe your pain is. They will also ask about your periods and if you have been trying or wish to become pregnant.
It can be helpful to complete a period (menstrual) diary, which is a record of your periods. The diary can help your general practice team understand when you have period pain. You can also download a period tracker app.
Your doctor will examine your tummy and do an internal (vaginal) examination. They may do blood tests and swabs to check for infections, such as sexually transmitted infections. Endometriosis tissue does not usually show on an ultrasound. But you may have one to check for other problems such as a cyst on your ovary.
The only way to definitely diagnose endometriosis is to have a laparoscopy (keyhole surgery). This allows your doctor to see inside your pelvis and examine the uterus, ovaries and tubes.
HealthInfo recommends the following pages
Detailed information about endometriosis and its treatment.
Australian website with useful information about endometriosis.
On the next page: Treating endometriosis
Written by GP liaison, Christchurch Women's Hospital. Adapted by HealthInfo clinical advisers. Last reviewed January 2025.
See also:
Review key: HIEND-30280